Skip to the picture
Generator labLab
← Generator lab

Part 1 · The idea

  1. 1Split any three
  2. 2Three circuits

Part 2 · Faults in real systems

  1. 3The four faults
  2. 4Grounding
  3. 5Transformers & the line

Part 3 · Protecting the system

  1. 6The fault recorder
  2. 7What relays see
  3. 8Clear it in time

Teacher guide

The fault

How the networks connect

In the boxes, j marks a reactance; a plain number is a resistance.

Where the current goes

Arrows (phasors)

Thick arrows are phases. Thin arrows are sequence pieces: solid = positive, dashed = negative, dotted = zero.

The three phases
Positive A, B, C

Negative A, C, B

Zero all in step

Which fault is worst?

All four side by side

Add them back up

Each phase is its zero, positive and negative pieces laid tip to tail. The faint wide arrow is the phase itself.

Waveforms

Numbers
Currents and voltages at the fault
QuantityCurrentVoltagePinned

Why protection must be fast → chapter 8

Work it by hand

    Fault
    Show
    System
    X0
    Rf
    X1
    X2
    Source neutral
    Rn

    How grounding changes this → chapter 4